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Many people struggle with sleep problems, and chronic insomnia affects a significant number of adults. While sleep medications, whether prescription or over-the-counter, can help you fall asleep, even occasional use comes with health risks. Over time, frequent use may contribute to serious issues such as difficulty with daily activities, memory decline, increased risk of death, and next-day drowsiness. Older adults may be especially vulnerable to falls and other complications. Understanding these risks and exploring safer alternatives, like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) and healthy sleep routines, can help you get better rest without harming your long-term health.




How sleep medication affects your body and what to do about it


Higher risk of disability

Long-term use of sleep medications has been linked to a higher risk of disability, especially in older adults. A study published in the Sage journal analysed over five years of data on more than 6,700 adults aged 65 and older. Researchers found that both worsening insomnia symptoms and increased sleep medication use were associated with a 20% higher risk of disability in daily life for each year of elevated use or symptoms. Essentially, while these medications may help with falling asleep, their prolonged use may accelerate functional decline, making daily activities more difficult. Experts recommend discussing ways to gradually reduce dependence under medical supervision.



Higher risk of dementia

Some sleep medications, particularly those with anticholinergic effects, may increase the risk of cognitive decline. Anticholinergic drugs work by blocking certain neurotransmitters in the brain and are often found in sleep aids, some pain and anxiety medications, and allergy treatments like diphenhydramine (Benadryl). A study published in NIH linked long-term use of these drugs to a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Alarmingly, the effects may persist even after stopping the medication. Older adults should consult healthcare providers to review the ingredients of their medications and consider safer alternatives if possible.



Higher risk of death

Regular use of certain hypnotic sleep medications has been associated with increased mortality. Even occasional users taking between one and 18 pills per year had a 3.6 times higher risk. The study suggested that these medications may contribute to fatal outcomes indirectly, through heart disease, cancer, or other serious conditions. This highlights the importance of careful evaluation before committing to long-term sleep medication use.



Higher risk of cancer

Frequent use of sleep medications may be linked to an increased risk of developing cancer. People who take these medications regularly, around 130 doses or more in a year, appear to have a higher chance of developing cancer compared to those who rarely or never use them. While more research is needed to fully understand this connection, it raises concerns about long-term exposure to sleep medications and their potential impact on overall health. Limiting prolonged use and exploring safer sleep strategies is recommended.



Next-day impairment

Sleep medications can impair alertness the following day, nearly doubling the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Extended-release formulations pose the highest risk, and women are more susceptible due to slower drug metabolism. Activities that require full alertness should be avoided until the medication’s effects have worn off.



Higher risk of falls

Older adults taking sleep medications may face an increased risk of falls. Insomnia itself raises fall risk, and sleep aids do not necessarily mitigate this danger. Impaired balance, memory, and situational awareness make nighttime mobility especially hazardous.



Increased risk of pancreatitis

Emerging research also links certain sleep medications, such as zolpidem, to a higher risk of acute pancreatitis. A study published in Psychopharmacology analysed over 22,000 adults and found that those taking zolpidem were seven times more likely to develop pancreatitis than individuals who never used the drug. While rare, this severe side effect underscores the importance of careful monitoring and regular consultation with a healthcare professional.

Quitting sleep medications can be challenging, but non-drug approaches often provide effective long-term relief. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBTI) is considered the gold standard, teaching strategies to reshape thoughts, behaviors, and routines that interfere with sleep. Research from Harvard University shows that CBTI is as effective as sleep medications initially, and its benefits last longer. Combining CBTI with lifestyle changes such as keeping a consistent sleep schedule, limiting daytime naps, avoiding stimulants close to bedtime, and practising relaxation techniques can help achieve restorative sleep without the risks associated with medications.


Disclaimer: This article is for general informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider regarding any medical condition or lifestyle change.


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