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ECA uses a process called adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration.
Basically, when you align europium atoms in the alloy with a magnetic field and then switch the field off, the atoms absorb heat from their surroundings, dropping the temperature fast.

Unlike older materials that don't transfer cold very well, ECA has metal-like thermal conductivity.
That means it can cool things efficiently, think quantum chips or sensors for next-generation tech.
It could also make portable cooling possible for space missions or military gadgets where every degree counts.